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<html lang="en"><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><link href="../images/docs-stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><title>Application Developer's Guide (9.0.105) - Source Organization</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"></head><body><div id="wrapper"><header><div id="header"><div><div><div class="logo noPrint"><a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/"><img alt="Tomcat Home" src="../images/tomcat.png"></a></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div class="asfLogo noPrint"><a href="https://www.apache.org/" target="_blank"><img src="../images/asf-logo.svg" alt="The Apache Software Foundation" style="width: 266px; height: 83px;"></a></div><h1>Application Developer's Guide</h1><div class="versionInfo">
            Version 9.0.105,
            <time datetime="2025-05-07">May 7 2025</time></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div></div></div></header><div id="middle"><div><div id="mainLeft" class="noprint"><div><nav><div><h2>Links</h2><ul><li><a href="../index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="index.html">App Dev Guide Home</a></li><li><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/TOMCAT/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>Contents</h2><ul><li><a href="index.html">Contents</a></li><li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="installation.html">Installation</a></li><li><a href="deployment.html">Deployment</a></li><li><a href="source.html">Source Code</a></li><li><a href="processes.html">Processes</a></li><li><a href="sample/">Example App</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div><div id="mainRight"><div id="content"><h2>Source Organization</h2><h3 id="Table_of_Contents">Table of Contents</h3><div class="text">
<ul><li><a href="#Directory_Structure">Directory Structure</a><ol><li><a href="#External_Dependencies">External Dependencies</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Source_Code_Control">Source Code Control</a></li><li><a href="#BUILD.XML_Configuration_File">BUILD.XML Configuration File</a></li></ul>
</div><h3 id="Directory_Structure">Directory Structure</h3><div class="text">

    <p><em>The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
    base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
    not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
    directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
    the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.</em></p>

<p>A key recommendation of this manual is to separate the directory
hierarchy containing your source code (described in this section) from
the directory hierarchy containing your deployable application
(described in the preceding section).  Maintaining this separation has
the following advantages:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The contents of the source directories can be more easily administered,
    moved, and backed up if the "executable" version of the application
    is not intermixed.
    </p></li>
<li><p>Source code control is easier to manage on directories that contain
    only source files.
    </p></li>
<li><p>The files that make up an installable distribution of your
    application are much easier to select when the deployment
    hierarchy is separate.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>As we will see, the <code>ant</code> development tool makes the creation
and processing of such directory hierarchies nearly painless.</p>

<p>The actual directory and file hierarchy used to contain the source code
of an application can be pretty much anything you like.  However, the
following organization has proven to be quite generally applicable, and is
expected by the example <code>build.xml</code> configuration file that
is discussed below.  All of these components exist under a top level
<em>project source directory</em> for your application:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>docs/</strong> - Documentation for your application, in whatever
    format your development team is using.<br><br></li>
<li><strong>src/</strong> - Java source files that generate the servlets,
    beans, and other Java classes that are unique to your application.
    If your source code is organized in packages (<strong>highly</strong>
    recommended), the package hierarchy should be reflected as a directory
    structure underneath this directory.<br><br></li>
<li><strong>web/</strong> - The static content of your web site (HTML pages,
    JSP pages, JavaScript files, CSS stylesheet files, and images) that will
    be accessible to application clients.  This directory will be the
    <em>document root</em> of your web application, and any subdirectory
    structure found here will be reflected in the request URIs required to
    access those files.<br><br></li>
<li><strong>web/WEB-INF/</strong> - The special configuration files required
    for your application, including the web application deployment descriptor
    (<code>web.xml</code>, defined in the
    <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/TOMCAT/Specifications">Servlet Specification</a>),
    tag library descriptors for custom tag libraries
    you have created, and other resource files you wish to include within
    your web application.  Even though this directory appears to be a
    subdirectory of your <em>document root</em>, the Servlet Specification
    prohibits serving the contents of this directory (or any file it contains)
    directly to a client request.  Therefore, this is a good place to store
    configuration information that is sensitive (such as database connection
    usernames and passwords), but is required for your application to
    operate successfully.</li>
</ul>

<p>During the development process, two additional directories will be
created on a temporary basis:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>build/</strong> - When you execute a default build
    (<code>ant</code>), this directory will contain an exact image
    of the files in the web application archive for this application.
    Tomcat allows you to deploy an application in an unpacked
    directory like this, either by copying it to the
    <code>$CATALINA_BASE/webapps</code> directory, or by <em>installing</em>
    it via the "Manager" web application.  The latter approach is very
    useful during development, and will be illustrated below.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>dist/</strong> - When you execute the <code>ant dist</code>
    target, this directory will be created.  It will create an exact image
    of the binary distribution for your web application, including an license
    information, documentation, and README files that you have prepared.</li>
</ul>

<p>Note that these two directories should <strong>NOT</strong> be archived in
your source code control system, because they are deleted and recreated (from
scratch) as needed during development.  For that reason, you should not edit
any source files in these directories if you want to maintain a permanent
record of the changes, because the changes will be lost the next time that a
build is performed.</p>

  <div class="subsection"><h4 id="External_Dependencies">External Dependencies</h4><div class="text">

  <p>What do you do if your application requires JAR files (or other
  resources) from external projects or packages?  A common example is that
  you need to include a JDBC driver in your web application, in order to
  operate.</p>

  <p>Different developers take different approaches to this problem.
  Some will encourage checking a copy of the JAR files you depend on into
  the source code control archives for every application that requires those
  JAR files.  However, this can cause significant management issues when you
  use the same JAR in many applications - particular when faced with a need
  to upgrade to a different version of that JAR file.</p>

  <p>Therefore, this manual recommends that you <strong>NOT</strong> store
  a copy of the packages you depend on inside the source control archives
  of your applications.  Instead, the external dependencies should be
  integrated as part of the process of <strong>building</strong> your
  application.  In that way, you can always pick up the appropriate version
  of the JAR files from wherever your development system administrator has
  installed them, without having to worry about updating your application
  every time the version of the dependent JAR file is changed.</p>

  <p>In the example Ant <code>build.xml</code> file, we will demonstrate
  how to define <em>build properties</em> that let you configure the locations
  of the files to be copied, without having to modify <code>build.xml</code>
  when these files change.  The build properties used by a particular
  developer can be customized on a per-application basis, or defaulted to
  "standard" build properties stored in the developer's home directory.</p>

  <p>In many cases, your development system administrator will have already
  installed the required JAR files into the <code>lib</code> directory of Tomcat.
  If this has been done, you need
  to take no actions at all - the example <code>build.xml</code> file
  automatically constructs a compile classpath that includes these files.</p>

  </div></div>

</div><h3 id="Source_Code_Control">Source Code Control</h3><div class="text">

<p>As mentioned earlier, it is highly recommended that you place all of the
source files that comprise your application under the management of a
source code control system.  If you elect to do this, every directory and file
in the source hierarchy should be registered and saved -- but none of the
generated files.  If you register binary format files (such as images or JAR
libraries), be sure to indicate this to your source code control system.</p>

<p>We recommended (in the previous section) that you should not store the
contents of the <code>build/</code> and <code>dist/</code> directories
created by your development process in the source code control system. Source
code control systems typically provide mechanisms to ignore these directories
(Git uses a <code>.gitignore</code> file, Subversion uses the
<code>svn:ignore</code> property, CVS uses a <code>.cvsignore</code> file, etc.)
You should configure your source code control system to ignore:</p>
<ul>
  <li>build</li>
  <li>dist</li>
  <li>build.properties</li>
</ul>

<p>The reason for mentioning <code>build.properties</code> here will be
explained in the <a href="processes.html">Processes</a> section.</p>

<p>Detailed instructions for your source code control environment are beyond
the scope of this manual.</p>

</div><h3 id="BUILD.XML_Configuration_File">BUILD.XML Configuration File</h3><div class="text">

<p>We will be using the <strong>ant</strong> tool to manage the compilation of
our Java source code files, and creation of the deployment hierarchy.  Ant
operates under the control of a build file, normally called
<code>build.xml</code>, that defines the processing steps required.  This
file is stored in the top-level directory of your source code hierarchy, and
should be checked in to your source code control system.</p>

<p>Like a Makefile, the <code>build.xml</code> file provides several
"targets" that support optional development activities (such as creating
the associated Javadoc documentation, erasing the deployment home directory
so you can build your project from scratch, or creating the web application
archive file so you can distribute your application.  A well-constructed
<code>build.xml</code> file will contain internal documentation describing
the targets that are designed for use by the developer, versus those targets
used internally.  To ask Ant to display the project documentation, change to
the directory containing the <code>build.xml</code> file and type:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>ant -projecthelp</code></pre></div>

<p>To give you a head start, a <a href="build.xml.txt">basic build.xml file</a>
is provided that you can customize and install in the project source directory
for your application.  This file includes comments that describe the various
targets that can be executed.  Briefly, the following targets are generally
provided:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>clean</strong> - This target deletes any existing
    <code>build</code> and <code>dist</code> directories, so that they
    can be reconstructed from scratch.  This allows you to guarantee that
    you have not made source code modifications that will result in
    problems at runtime due to not recompiling all affected classes.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>compile</strong> - This target is used to compile any source code
    that has been changed since the last time compilation took place.  The
    resulting class files are created in the <code>WEB-INF/classes</code>
    subdirectory of your <code>build</code> directory, exactly where the
    structure of a web application requires them to be.  Because
    this command is executed so often during development, it is normally
    made the "default" target so that a simple <code>ant</code> command will
    execute it.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>all</strong> - This target is a short cut for running the
    <code>clean</code> target, followed by the <code>compile</code> target.
    Thus, it guarantees that you will recompile the entire application, to
    ensure that you have not unknowingly introduced any incompatible changes.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>javadoc</strong> - This target creates Javadoc API documentation
    for the Java classes in this web application.  The example
    <code>build.xml</code> file assumes you want to include the API
    documentation with your app distribution, so it generates the docs
    in a subdirectory of the <code>dist</code> directory.  Because you normally
    do not need to generate the Javadocs on every compilation, this target is
    usually a dependency of the <code>dist</code> target, but not of the
    <code>compile</code> target.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>dist</strong> - This target creates a distribution directory for
    your application, including any required documentation, the Javadocs for
    your Java classes, and a web application archive (WAR) file that will be
    delivered to system administrators who wish to install your application.
    Because this target also depends on the <code>deploy</code> target, the
    web application archive will have also picked up any external dependencies
    that were included at deployment time.</li>
</ul>

<p>For interactive development and testing of your web application using
Tomcat, the following additional targets are defined:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>install</strong> - Tell the currently running Tomcat to make
    the application you are developing immediately available for execution
    and testing.  This action does not require Tomcat to be restarted, but
    it is also not remembered after Tomcat is restarted the next time.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>reload</strong> - Once the application is installed, you can
    continue to make changes and recompile using the <code>compile</code>
    target.  Tomcat will automatically recognize changes made to JSP pages,
    but not to servlet or JavaBean classes - this command will tell Tomcat
    to restart the currently installed application so that such changes are
    recognized.
    <br><br></li>
<li><strong>remove</strong> - When you have completed your development and
    testing activities, you can optionally tell Tomcat to remove this
    application from service.
    </li>
</ul>

<p>Using the development and testing targets requires some additional
one-time setup that is described on the next page.</p>

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